Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará

Dom Pedro de Alcântara (15 October 1875 – 29 January 1940) was the first-born son of Empress Dona Isabel of Brazil and Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu. He was disputedly Emperor of Brazil from 13 March 1894 to 23 August 1895 as Dom Pedro III as allegedly proclaimed by the leaders of the Federalist Revolution and Navy Revolt who had established a parallel provisional government controlling most of southern Brazil. He was born second-in-line to the imperial throne of Brazil during the reign of his grandfather, Emperor Dom Pedro II. Following the military coup that deposed his family in 1889, he lived the end of his adolescence and part of his adult life in exile largely in France, first at a family palace in Boulogne-sur-Seine and later at the family's Château d'Eu in Normandy.

In 1908, under his mother pressure, he issued a document renouncing his dynastic rights in order to marry a Bohemian noblewoman, but the matter of his renunciation's validity sparked a split in the family which last to current days. He was the first head of the so-called Petrópolis branch of the Brazilian Imperial Family, and despite having recognized his nephew Pedro Henrique's claim to the throne of Brazil in a personal capacity after the death of his mother (Pedro Henrique's grandmother), due to the questionable validity of his resignation, which is deemed illegal and null by some scholars, he can be considered to have been the legal pretender to the Brazilian throne and head of the house until his death, having acted de facto in that way as the most senior member of the House of Orléans-Braganza, especially given the minority and inexperience of his nephew who was still living in exile in France, while he had already repatriated to Brazil and had ties to the Brazilian government of President Getúlio Vargas.

Following the exile, lifted in 1920, Pedro resettled definetely in Brazil, at the Palace of the Grão-Pará. He was the only Prince of the Empire Brazil born during the vigency of the monarchy to have returned to Brazil, where he died, receiving honors of head of state. Dom Pedro de Alcântara is sometimes called a grandfather of Europe in the same fashion as his great-greant-uncle King Miguel I of Portugal and Queen Victoria, for having fathered not only the pretender to Emperor of Brazil, but also the de jure queens of France and Portugal, Princess Isabel, Countess of Paris and Princess Maria Francisca, Duchess of Braganza respectively. He was also the grandfather of the pretenders to the thrones of Brazil, France and Portugal and the consorts of the pretenders to the thrones of Württemberg, Two Sicilies, Italy and Yugoslavia, as well as great-uncle to King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

Birth
Dom Pedro was born at 1 p.m. on 15 October 1875 in the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis, in the homonymous town. He was the first son of Isabel, then Princess Imperial of Brazil and her husband Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, having being born 11 years following his parents' marriage, reason why he was believed to be hope for the monarchy, as Isabel was thought to be sterile, and so that his birth was fate. As first son of the heiress to the throne, according to article 105 of the 1824 constitution, he was entitled Prince of Grão-Pará, styled Imperial Highness, and was the presumptive heir to the Brazilian throne at his birth. In 30 November 1875 he was baptized at the Igreja da Glória (Church of Glory).

He was christened Pedro de Alcântara Luiz Filipe Maria Gastão Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga. His last four names were always bestowed upon the members of his family, while Luiz Filipe honor's his father, born Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston.

He was an agnatic member of his father's House of Orléans, but to refer to the House of Braganza, of Portuguese origin and which governs Brazil indirectly (as a colony of Portugal) and directly (as an independent monarchy), he and his brothers formed the House of Orléans-Braganza. Through his mother, he was grandson of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and Empress Teresa Cristina (neé Princess of the Two Sicilies), being thus great-grandson of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and through his father he was grandson of Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I of the French.

Childhood
Pedro was educated by preceptors, headed by the Baron of Ramiz, his professor, and Ana Grunewald, his caretaker (him grandfather, the Emperor, as well, took part on is educational process personally). During his childhood, he lived between the Isabel Palace, in Rio de Janeiro, and the Princess Palace, in Petrópolis, with his younger brothers. Along with his brothers, he authored an anti-slavery newspaper which circulated on the court. He later studied at the Pedro II College. He was fourteen years old when the proclamation of the republic, on 15 November 1889, deposed his grandfather and sent him and his family into exile. He is one of the most poignant gestures on the occasion of the departure of the Brazilian imperial family to exile, when he suggested to his grandfather Emperor Pedro II, "the idea of letting go a white dove, on the high seas, in order to take The last misses of the Imperial Family for Brazil". The dove was released at the height of the island of Fernando de Noronha with a message signed by all the family, but ended up falling to the sea without fulfilling its purpose.

Military service


During the exile in 1890, Pedro moved along with their parents to the outskirts of Versailles. He reached the age of majority in 1893, and without desire to assume the monarchist cause, he left for Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to study in the military school at Wiener Neustadt. According to his own mother it was "clear that he must do something and a military career seems to us the only one he should follow". As a foreign prince, in order not to be able to join the Austro-Hungarian Army without prejudice to his status and nationality, D. Pedro (as well as his brothers in the near future) needed official permission from the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph, cousin-brother of his grandfather, D. Pedro II, and therefore his bit-distant cousin as well. At Empress D. Isabel's request, the Emperor granted a preliminary premise to all her children, and even granted her the honor of Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross. Pedro's younger brothers Luís and Antônio followed him at the same military school. Pedro was formed as Lieutenant of the Austro-Hungarian Army at the 4th Regiment of Uhlans, which he came to command, and was later Captain on the reserve. When World War I broke out, Dom Pedro excused himself from the Austrian-Hungarian Army because he wanted, like his brothers, to fight for his father's land, France. However, after being prevented by the 1886's law that prevents descendants of the last French monarch (members of the House of Orléans) from joining the French official (both civil and military), he ended up giving up fighting, even despite his brothers's insistence that he join British forces like them.

Restoration attempt


With the deposition of Pedro II of Brazil and the departure of the imperial family to the exile, rumors and even initiatives for the restoration appeared, occasionally. In 1893, the republic staggered with the second revolt of the navy and the federalist revolution in the south of the country. The leader of this last movement, Gaspar Silveira Martins, avowedly monarchist (and reportedly the last person appointed by Emperor Pedro II as Prime Minister, although he never took office), was engaged in conspiracies to restore the parliamentary monarchy in Brazil. He had already insisted in vain that Pedro II should return to the country, after Marshal Deodoro had closed the National Congress.

With the advance of the revolution, he proposed to Empress Isabel to allow the soldiers linked to the Navy Revolt to take her eldest son, Pedro, then Prince Imperial, to be acclaimed Dom Pedro III. He heard from the empress that "first of all she was a Catholic, and as such she could not leave the Brazilians with the education of her son, whose soul he had to save". Outraged, Silveira Martins replied: "So, madam, your (his) fate is the convent." Notwithstanding, in December 1893, in a joint manifesto, Admirals Custódio de Melo and Saldanha da Gama, affiliated with the parallel provisional government installed by Federalist rebels in Nossa Senhora do Desterro under Commander Frederico Guilherme de Lorena proclaimed the exiled Prince Imperial as Emperor of Brazil. Despite the plural ideological character of the revolution, the revolutionaries aimed, with this, to facilitate the recognition of their cause and their parallel government by the European powers, to gain legitimacy against Floriano Peixoto's dictatorial government and, furthermore, to delegitimize him. Guilherme de Lorena, however, did not accept the proclamation, and publicly manifested himself against it, saying that only through the popular will in elections could the Constitution of 1891 (the country's second and first republican) be reformed, and he had sworn to it.

In the following month, between 9 and 21 January 1894, an American flotilla, under the command of Admiral Andrew Benham, responding to the calls of Marshal Floriano Peixoto, broke the naval blockade led by Custódio de Melo and Saldanha da Gama at the Guanabara Bay, helping to put pressure on the rebels who were defeated in their attempts to land and take over the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro. Rebel sailors who were not captured fled to Desterro, capital of the federalist provisional government. There, Custódio, allied with Silveira Martins, pressing for the installation of a civilian government, in opposition to the military character of the government of Lorena, managed to get that captain to resign as head of government on 12 March. He was replaced by a governing junta formed by representatives of the three southern states under federalist rule. In order to ensure unity between the representatives of the states, who were in conflict with each other for power, on March 13 Custódio de Melo published a manifesto reaffirming Pedro III as Emperor of Brazil and transforming the provisional parallel republican government into a monarchical one.

Nominal reign and rebel defeat
The junta was formed by José Ferreira de Mello, acting President of the Federalist Supreme Tribunal, representing the state of Santa Catarina, Minister Emigdio Westfalen, representing the state of Paraná and de facto Silveira Martins representing the state of Rio Grande do Sul; the latter, however, was in charge of nominating a representative of his state, but he never did, thus occupying this position himself. The junta replaced the entire ministerial cabinet, dissolved the general command of the National Guard and carried out other transformations, surviving for little more than a month, until 17 April 1894, when the Federalists had to leave Desterro in the face of the advances of the National Armada of the republic under the command of General Moreira César, who captured and ordered the shooting and beheading of some revolutionary leaders, among them the Marshal Manuel de Almeida da Gama Lobo d'Eça, 1st and only Baron of Batovi.

Withdrawn to Ponta Grossa, the revolutionary leadership was de facto divided into a triumvirate between General Gumercindo Saraiva, Admiral Custódio de Melo and politician Gaspar da Silveira Martins, the first and last being eventually replaced by Aparício Saraiva and the Baron of Itaqui. With no consensus on which course to take and in view of the defeats in Paraná that stalled the Federalist advance to the state of São Paulo and the republican government's acquisition of American ships in Rio de Janeiro, the Federalists were subsequently defeated and forced to retreat to Rio Grande do Sul, where they were finally defeated in the Battle of Campo Osório and forced to sign a peace treaty on 23 August 1895, officially ending the revolution, the parallel government and the nominal reign of Pedro III.

In exile in France, Pedro de Alcântara was aware of his proclamation as Emperor, at the age of 19 at the time. His mother, however, forbade him to return to Brazil and join the Federalists for fear of the consequences and, like her father, Pedro II, Isabel defended that the restoration of the monarchy could only be carried out in a safe way, peacefully, never by force of arms that overthrew them. However, neither the Imperial House as an entity, nor Isabel, nor Pedro de Alcântara, rejected, nor did they accept, the proclamation of the young prince as Emperor, which he nominally was. The House of Orléans-Braganza did not prepared itself to the risks of a bloody adventure in the south of Brazil. If, on the one hand, the de facto Emperor had given a revolution that had men and arms a soul, on the other hand, he spared himself the sad end of Custódio José de Melo, Gumercindo Saraiva, and so many others who measured forces against the republic and lost. Not only did he not participate, he avoided having his name associated with any attempt against the Brazilian republic since then.

Relationship
In 1900 Pedro met Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz, a noblewoman of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, daughter of Johann-Wenzel, Count Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz, who came from a former noble family of Bohemia, and Elizabeth, Baroness Kottulin und Krzischkowitz and Countess Kottulinsky. Count Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz was elevated to the nobility title of count in 1906, at the request of Empress Isabel, until then his ancestors had been barons. After eight years of courtship and engagement, during which his parents, especially his father, insisted that he get a royal bride, they married in Versailles, France, on 14 November 1908. The couple had five children.

Eventually his parents' relationship with his noble wife became very friendly and complicit. Countess Elisabeth called her mother-in-law, the Empress, "mommy" and exchanged letters with her about Pedro and their children.

Renunciation
In 1908 Dom Pedro wanted to marry Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz (1875–1951) who, although a noblewoman of the Kingdom of Bohemia, did not belong to a royal or reigning dynasty. Although the constitution of the Brazilian Empire did not require a dynast to marry equally, his mother ruled that the marriage would not be valid dynastically for the Brazilian succession, and as a result he renounced his rights to the throne of Brazil on 30 October 1908. To solemnize this, Dom Pedro, aged thirty-three, signed the document translated here:

I Prince Pedro de Alcântara Luiz Filipe Maria Gastão Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga of Orléans and Braganza, having maturely reflected, have resolved to renounce the right that, by the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, promulgated on 25 March 1824, accords to me the Crown of that nation. I declare, therefore, that by my free and spontaneous will I hereby renounce, in my own name, as well as for any and all of my descendants, to all and any rights that the aforesaid Constitution confers upon us to the Brazilian Crown and Throne, which shall pass to the lines which follow mine, conforming to the order of succession as established by article 117. Before God I promise, for myself and my descendants, to hold to the present declaration.

Cannes 30 October 1908 signed: Pedro de Alcântara of Orléans-Braganza

This renunciation was followed by a letter from Isabel to royalists in Brazil: 9 November 1908, [Castle of] Eu

Most Excellent Gentlemen Members of the Monarchist Directory,

With all my heart I thank you for the congratulations upon the marriages of my dear children Pedro and Luiz. Luis´s took place in Cannes on the 4th with the brilliance that is desired for so solemn an act in the life of my successor to the Throne of Brazil. I was very pleased. Pedro´s shall take place next on the 14th. Before the marriage of Luis he signed his resignation to the crown of Brazil, and here I send it to you, while keeping here an identical copy. I believe that this news must be published as soon as possible (you gentlemen shall do it in the way that you judge to be most satisfactory) in order to prevent the formation of parties that would be a great evil for our country. Pedro will continue to love his homeland, and will give all possible support to his brother. Thank God they are very united. Luis will engage actively in everything with respect to the monarchy and any good for our land. However, without giving up my rights I want that he be up to date on everything so that he may prepare himself for the position which with all my heart I desire that one day he will hold. You may write to him as many times as you may want to so that he shall be informed of everything. My strength is not the same as it once was, but my heart is still the same to love my homeland and all those who are so dedicated to us. I give you all my friendship and confidence,

a) Isabel, comtesse d'Eu

Nonetheless, a few years before his death Prince Pedro de Alcântara told a Brazilian newspaper:


 * "My resignation was not valid for many reasons: besides, it was not a hereditary resignation."

But years later he had rectified his position:


 * "It is there that I intend to recover the rights of eventual succession to the throne of Brazil, with prejudice to d. Pedro Henrique, my nephew, denying my resignation in 1908. My resignation in 1908 is valid, although many monarchists ... understood that, politically and by the Brazilian laws in force in 1889, it must be ratified by the should the monarchy be restored. In fact, in my family there will never be dissensions or disputes over imperial power."



Succession
After the death of the Empress in 1921, the deceased Dom Luiz's son, Pedro Henrique, Prince Imperial of Brail, assumed the position of claimant to the Brazilian throne and was recognized as such by many of Europe's dynasties. After Dom Pedro de Alcântara's death in 1940 his eldest son, Prince Pedro Gastão, asserted a counter-claim as the proper successor (garnering the support of his brothers-in-law, the pretenders to the thrones of Orléanist France and Miguelist Portugal), and some Brazilian legal scholars subsequently argued that his father's renunciation would, indeed, have been constitutionally invalid under the monarchy. Although Pedro de Alcântara's daughter, Princess Isabelle, is said to have referred to Dom Pedro Gastão as "My brother, the Brazilian Emperor", she acknowledged in her memoirs that their father nonetheless regarded his renunciation as binding, and treated it as effective.

Return to Brazil
Dom Pedro, after the extinction of the exile, returned to Brazil on several occasions. On the first, in 1921, he came accompained by his father, Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, for the transfer of the bodies of their grandparents, Emperor Dom Pedro II and Empress Dona Teresa Cristina. On that occasion, he and his father made a short trip to Minas Gerais, passing through the city of Petrópolis, where he owned real estate, in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, arriving at Juiz de Fora. They were also accompanied by many members of the former nobility, as well as devotees to royalty. On the second occasion, he returned to Brazil in 1922 accompanied by his father, wife and children. On board the ship Massila, shortly after anchoring in Guanabara Bay, the Count of Eu died of natural causes at the age of 80. The Federal Government offered the former Brazilian consort a funeral with military honors, the Count having been Marshal of the Imperial Army and veteran of the Paraguayan War.

Excursions
Dom Pedro, after the extinction of the exile, came to Brazil to make hunting excursions in the Brazilian backlands. Accompanied by his secretary, he made between 1926 and 1927 one of the best-known trips of the time: the "auto-raid" from Bolivia to Rio de Janeiro, traveling four thousand kilometers by car on practically impassable roads. From this expedition there are reports published by Mario Baldi in Brazilian and European illustrated newspapers and magazines. Many photographs were made at the time; The images are part of the collection Mario Baldi, the secretary of culture of Teresópolis, city where the Austrian lived. Another expedition was made by the prince and his secretary, this time with the children of D. Pedro, in 1936.

On this occasion the expeditionaries visited indigenous villages of the Brazilian backwoods. The magazine A Noite Illustrada published several reports and photographs of Mario Baldi, who did the documentation of the adventure again.

Definitive return
D. Pedro de Alcântara returned to Brazil in the decade of 1920, establishing itself in the Grão-Pará Palace, in Petrópolis. He still owned the Petrópolis Palace, which was subsequently rented for two schools (The Notre Dame de Sion and the St. Vincent of Paul College), the Imperial Crown and all jewerly and regalia, but, under government request, he sold the main palace, crown, scepter, jewels and all regalia to the State in 1938, so that the Imperial Museum was founded and housed there in 1939. Living in the imperial city, he became an obligatory figure in local celebrations and achievements, being greatly admired by the warm and friendly manner in which he always addressed his compatriots. In that same city the prince and disputedly former emperor died in 1940, at the 65 years of age, victim of a respiratory illness. He was buried in the local cemetery with honors of head of state. In 1990, his remains were transferred along with those of his wife to the Imperial Mausoleum in the Cathedral of St. Peter of Alcantara in Petrópolis, where they lie next to the tombs of his parents and grandparents, in a simple vault.

Titles and styles

 * 15 October 1875 – 5 December 1891: His Imperial Highness The Prince of Grão-Pará
 * 5 December 1891 – 30 October 1908: His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial of Brazil
 * 13 March 1894 – 23 August 1895: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Brazil
 * 30 October 1908 – 29 January 1940: His Imperial Highness Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará

Note: He renounced all his rights to the Imperial throne of Brazil for himself and his future descendants at Cannes, France, 30th October 1908, but was permitted to retain his former styles and titles for life.

Honors
Prince Pedro de Alcântara was a recipient of the following Brazilian dynastic orders:
 * Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
 * Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose
 * Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross

He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:
 * Flag of Japan.svg Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun

Issue
Pedro and Elisabeth married on 14 November 1908 in Versailles, France, and had 5 children:


 * Princess Isabelle of Brazil (1911–2003) married Henri, Count of Paris - parents of Henri, the current Orleanist pretender to the throne of France.
 * Pedro Gastão, Prince of Brazil (1913–2007) married Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies - parents of Princess Maria da Gloria, Duchess of Segorbe, the last Crown Princess of Yugoslavia.
 * Princess Maria Francisca of Brazil (1914–1968) married Duarte Nuno, Duke of BraganzaDuarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza - parents of Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current pretender to the throne of Portugal.
 * Prince João Maria of Brazil (1916–2005) married Fatima Sherifa Chirine (1923-1990), widow of Prince Hassan Toussoun of Egypt.
 * Princess Teresa Teodora of Brazil (1919–2011) married Ernesto António Maria Martorell y Calderó (1921-1985).

After his death his son Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza assumed the headship of the Petrópolis branch of the Imperial House of Brazil.