Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará

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Pedro de Alcântara
Prince of Grão-Pará
Prince Pedro on his palace in 1930
Head of the House of Orléans-Braganza (disputed)
Tenure 14 November 1921 – 29 January 1940
Predecessor Isabel
Successor Prince Pedro Gastão
Born 15 October 1875
Petrópolis Palace, Petrópolis, Empire of Brazil
Died 29 January 1940 (aged 64)
Grão-Pará Palace, Petrópolis, Brazil
Spouse Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz
Issue Princess Isabel, Countess of Paris
Pedro Gastão, Prince of Brazil
Princess Maria Francisca, Duchess of Braganza
Prince João Maria
Princess Teresa Teodora
Full name
Pedro de Alcântara Luiz Filipe Maria Gastão Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga
House Orléans-Braganza
Father Prince Gaston, Count of Eu
Mother Isabel of Brazil
Burial 30 January 1940
Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara, Petrópolis, Brazil
Military career
Service/branch Austro-Hungarian Army
Years of service1893–1908
RankCaptain
Commands held4th Regiment of Uhlans

Dom Pedro de Alcântara (15 October 1875 – 29 January 1940) was the first-born son of Princess Regent Dona Isabel of Brazil and Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu. He was reportedly acclaimed Emperor of Brazil as Dom Pedro III in 18 November 1893 by rebel Admiral Custódio de Melo, one of the leaders of the Navy Revolt and Federalist Revolution, but later the revolutionary leaders denied that they aimed to restore the monarchy.[1] Dom Pedro was born second-in-line to the imperial throne of Brazil during the reign of his grandfather, Emperor Dom Pedro II. Following the military coup that deposed his family in 1889, he lived the end of his adolescence and part of his adult life in exile largely in France, first at a family palace in Boulogne-sur-Seine and later at the family's Château d'Eu in Normandy.[2]

In 1908, under his mother pressure, he issued a document renouncing his dynastic rights in order to marry a Bohemian noblewoman, but the matter of his renunciation's validity sparked a split in the family which last to current days. He was the first head of the so-called Petrópolis branch of the Brazilian Imperial Family, and despite having recognized his nephew Pedro Henrique's claim to the throne of Brazil in a personal capacity following his own mother's death, due to the questionable validity of his resignation, which is deemed illegal and null by some scholars, he can be considered to have been the legal pretender to the Brazilian throne and head of the house until his death, having acted de facto in that way as the most senior member of the House of Orléans-Braganza, especially given the minority and inexperience of his nephew who was still living in exile in France, while he had already repatriated to Brazil and had ties to the Brazilian government of President Getúlio Vargas.

Following the exile, lifted in 1920, Pedro resettled definetely in Brazil, at the Palace of the Grão-Pará. He was the only Prince of the Empire Brazil born during the vigency of the monarchy to have returned to Brazil, where he died, receiving honors of head of state. Dom Pedro de Alcântara is sometimes called a grandfather of Europe in the same fashion as his great-great-uncle King Miguel I of Portugal and Queen Victoria, for having fathered not only the pretender to Emperor of Brazil, but also the de jure queens of France and Portugal, Princess Isabel, Countess of Paris and Princess Maria Francisca, Duchess of Braganza respectively. He was also the grandfather of the pretenders to the thrones of Brazil, France and Portugal and the consorts of the pretenders to the thrones of Württemberg, Two Sicilies, Italy and Yugoslavia, as well as great-uncle to King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

Early life

Birth

The Prince of Grão-Pará with his parents, 1877

Dom Pedro was born at 1 p.m. on 15 October 1875 in the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis, in the homonymous town. He was the first son of Isabel, then Princess Imperial of Brazil and her husband Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, having being born 11 years following his parents' marriage, reason why he was believed to be hope for the monarchy, as Isabel was thought to be sterile, and so that his birth was fate. As first son of the heiress to the throne, according to article 105 of the 1824 constitution, he was entitled Prince of Grão-Pará, styled Imperial Highness, and was the presumptive heir to the Brazilian throne at his birth.[3] In 30 November 1875 he was baptized at the Igreja da Glória (Church of Glory).

He was christened Pedro de Alcântara Luiz Filipe Maria Gastão Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga. His last four names were always bestowed upon the members of his family, while Luiz Filipe honor's his father, born Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston.

He was an agnatic member of his father's House of Orléans, but to refer to the House of Braganza, of Portuguese origin and which governs Brazil indirectly (as a colony of Portugal) and directly (as an independent monarchy), he and his brothers formed the House of Orléans-Braganza. Through his mother, he was grandson of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and Empress Teresa Cristina (neé Princess of the Two Sicilies), being thus great-grandson of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and through his father he was grandson of Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I of the French.

Childhood

The Prince of Grão-Pará aged 16 with his mother, Princess Isabel, and his grandfather, Emperor Pedro II, 1891.

Pedro was educated by a team of preceptors headed by the Baron of Ramiz, who was his favourite professor, and Ana Grünewald, his caretaker (grandmother of the future vice-president and member of the military governing junta of 1969, Augusto Rademaker). His grandfather, Emperor Pedro II, also took part on his educational process, teaching him about languages and astronomy. During his childhood and early adolescence, Pedro lived between the Isabel Palace in Rio de Janeiro and the Palace of the Princess, in Petrópolis, where he was born. Along with his younger brothers, he authored a small anti-slavery newspaper which circulated on the court. After completing his education with preceptors, he joined the Pedro II College. According to historian Roderick J. Barman, "Pedro was kind and friendly but disliked studying and was generally clumsy." In a letter to his father-in-law in 1890, the Count of Eu wrote comparing his sons Pedro and Luis: "Baby Pedro always stands out for his indolence and ineptitude [...] [while] Luís does exactly the same school work alone, with prestige and an admirable capacity".

He was fourteen years olf when the proclamation of the republic, on 15 November 1889, deposed his grandfather and abolished the Brazilian monarchy. He was in Petrópolis at the time and was rescued by Joaquim Marques Lisboa, The Marquis of Tamandaré, who brought him to the capital where he awaited for the rest of his family, along with his brothers, on board a warship which would take them into exile.[4] Pedro was responsible for one of the most poignant gestures on the occasion of the departure of the Brazilian imperial family to exile, when he suggested to his grandfather Emperor Pedro II, "the idea of letting go a white dove, on the high seas, in order to take The last misses of the Imperial Family for Brazil". The dove was released at the height of the island of Fernando de Noronha with a message signed by all the family, but ended up falling to the sea without fulfilling its purpose.[5]

Exile

Military service

D. Pedro de Alcântara on his Austro-Hungarian Army uniform.

During the exile, in 1890, Pedro moved along with their parents to the outskirts of Versailles, where they had acquired a villa in Boulogne-sur-Seine.[6] He reached the age of majority in 1893 and, without desire to assume the monarchist cause,[7] he left for Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to study in the military school at Wiener Neustadt.[8] According to his own mother it was "clear that he must do something and a military career seems to us the only one he should follow".[8] As a foreign prince, in order to be able to join the Austro-Hungarian Army without prejudice to his status and citizenship, Prince Pedro (as well as his brothers in the near future) needed official permission from the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph, cousin-brother of his grandfather, D. Pedro II, and therefore his first cousin twice removed. At Empress D. Isabel's request, the Emperor granted a preliminary premise to all her children, and even granted her the honor of Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross. Pedro's younger brothers, Luís and Antônio, followed him at the same military school. Pedro graduated as Lieutenant of the Austro-Hungarian Army at the 4th Regiment of Uhlans, which he came to command. Following his marriage, in order to constitute his family, he left the active service and was reformed as Captain.[3] When World War I broke out, Dom Pedro excused himself from the Austrian-Hungarian Army because, same as his brothers, he wanted to fight for his father's country, the same which had provided them with exile, France. However, after being prevented by the 1886's law that prevents descendants of the last French monarch (members of the House of Orléans, as Pedro is agnatically) from joining the French civil and military officiality, he ended up giving up fighting, even despite his brothers's insistence for him to join British forces as they did.

Restoration attempt

Piece of the British The Graphic newspaper called "The Uneasy South America", about Pedro's aclamation as Emperor of Brazil during the Navy and Federalist revolutions, 21 July 1894.

With the deposition of Pedro II of Brazil and the departure of the imperial family to the exile, rumors and even initiatives for the restoration appeared, occasionally. In 1893, the republic staggered with the second revolt of the navy and the federalist revolution in the south of the country. The leader of this last movement, Gaspar Silveira Martins, avowedly monarchist (and reportedly the last person appointed by Emperor Pedro II as Prime Minister, although he never took office), was engaged in conspiracies to restore the parliamentary monarchy in Brazil. He had already insisted in vain that Pedro II should return to the country, after Marshal Deodoro had closed the National Congress.

With the advance of the revolution, he proposed to Empress-in-Exile Isabel to allow the soldiers linked to the Navy Revolt to take her eldest son, Pedro, then Prince Imperial, to be acclaimed Dom Pedro III. He heard from the empress that "first of all she was a Catholic, and as such she could not leave the Brazilians with the education of her son, whose soul he had to save".[9] Outraged, Silveira Martins replied: "So, madam, your (his) fate is the convent." Notwithstanding, by November 1893 the international media, as well as the Spanish foreign office, reported that the rebel Admiral Custódio de Melo and the openly monarchist Admiral Saldanha da Gama had proclaimed Prince Pedro de Alcãntara as Emperor of Brazil. Information diverged, saying that the prince was on his way to Brazil, or that he was already at the rebel sailors' flagship in Rio de Janeiro, and the government of the dictator Floriano Peixoto accused the rebels of having aimed at restoring the monarchy, while Custódio de Melo denied the accusation. Later, the Count of Eu, Prince Pedro's father, informed the media that his son remained in France, but none of them commented on the young exiled prince's alleged proclamation as Emperor.

Notwithstanding, a republican parallel provisional government was installed by Federalist rebels, who were affiliated with the navy revolt, in Nossa Senhora do Desterro under Commander Frederico Guilherme de Lorena. Due to the plural ideological character of those involved in those revolutions, there was no cohesion regarding the form of government, even though part of the revolutionary leadership was staunchly monarchist. The only commitment was that the people would decide the form of government in the country, if the rebels won. Lorena himself rejected the monarchy and and publicly manifested against the ideia of having Dom Pedro de Alcântara as proclaimed Emperor, saying that only through the popular will in elections could the Constitution of 1891 (the country's second and first republican) be reformed, and he had sworn to it.

In the following month, between 9 and 21 January 1894, an American flotilla, under the command of Admiral Andrew Benham, responding to the calls of Marshal Floriano Peixoto, broke the naval blockade led by Custódio de Melo and Saldanha da Gama at the Guanabara Bay, helping to put pressure on the rebels who were defeated in their attempts to land and take over the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro. Rebel sailors who were not captured fled to Desterro, capital of the federalist provisional government. There, Custódio, allied with Silveira Martins, pressing for the installation of a civilian government, in opposition to the military character of the government of Lorena, managed to get that captain to resign as head of government on 12 March. He was replaced by a governing junta formed by representatives of the three southern states under federalist rule; the junta was formed by José Ferreira de Mello, acting President of the Federalist Supreme Tribunal, representing the state of Santa Catarina, Minister Emigdio Westfalen, representing the state of Paraná and de facto Silveira Martins representing the state of Rio Grande do Sul.[1] Despite having effectively become leader of a parallel government, Custódio de Melo made no mention of the restoration of the monarchy, nor did he proclaim himself or elect a President of the Republic, maintaining the ambiguity beneficial to his revolutionary movement.

In exile in France, Pedro de Alcântara was aware of his proclamation as Emperor, at the age of 19 at the time. His mother, however, forbade him to return to Brazil and join the Federalists for fear of the consequences and, like her father, Pedro II, Isabel defended that the restoration of the monarchy could only be carried out in a safe way, peacefully, never by force of arms that overthrew them. They have not commented on the matter in any official capacity. The House of Orléans-Braganza did not prepared itself to the risks of a bloody adventure in the south of Brazil. If on the one hand the prince had given a revolution that had men and arms a soul, on the other hand he spared himself the sad end of Saldanha da Gama, Gumercindo Saraiva, and so many others who measured forces against the republic and lost. Not only did he not participate, he avoided having his name associated with any attempt against the Brazilian republic since then.

Relationship

Prince Pedro and Countess Elisabeth at their marriage.

In 1900, stationed in Chotěboř, in the then Kingdom of Bohemia, Pedro met the then Baroness Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz, the only daughter of Jan Václav II, Baron Dobržensky de Dobrženicz, of the ancient Dobržensky family which dates back to the 12th century,[10] and Elizabeth, Baroness Kottulin und Krzischkowitz and Countess Kottulinsky.[11] Pedro and Elisabeth's relationship, however, displeased Empress Isabel, who considered it essential for the heir to the throne to marry a princess. As a result, Pedro could not ask for Elisabeth's hand until 1908, when his brother Luiz married a Princess of the Two Sicilies. Nevertheless, in 1906 Elizabeth asked her cousin-uncle, the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria to elevate the Dobržensky family to the rank of counts, giving it more prestige.[10] Pedro and Elisabeth were married on 14 November 1908 in Versailles, just after her brother's wedding, and on condition that he renounced his rights to the throne of Brazil. According to letters exchanged between Empress Elizabeth and Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans and sent to the Almanach de Gotha on 28 October 1910, despite demanding the resignation of her son Pedro, Isabel recognized her marriage to Countess Dobržensky as egalitarian and non-morganatic, confirming - which is already guaranteed by law - the right to the couple's five children, her grandchildren, to be treated as Princes of Brazil. Eventually, despite initial conflicts due to the countess's low birth status, Pedro's parents' relationship with his noble wife became very friendly and complicit. Countess Elisabeth called her mother-in-law, the Empress, "mommy" and exchanged letters with her about Pedro and their children.

Renunciation

In 1908 Dom Pedro wanted to marry Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz[4](1875–1951) who, although a noblewoman of the Kingdom of Bohemia, did not belong to a royal or reigning dynasty. Although the constitution of the Brazilian Empire did not require a dynast to marry equally,[12] his mother ruled that the marriage would not be valid dynastically for the Brazilian succession,[12] and as a result he renounced his rights to the throne of Brazil on 30 October 1908.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] To solemnize this, Dom Pedro, aged thirty-three, signed the document translated here:

This renunciation was followed by a letter from Isabel to royalists in Brazil:

Reactions

The resignation was controversial from the beggining. The imperial family had not constituted a government-in-exile, which it officially recognized. What there was was a Monarchical Directory chosen, without completing the necessary formalities, as the preferred interlocutor in Brazil to deal with political issues and a possible restoration. Eminent figures from the recently overthrown empire were part of this group: the former Imperial Prime Ministers Viscount of Ouro Preto, Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira and João Alfredo Corrêa de Oliveira, as well as other formerly imperial politicians such as Domingos de Andrade Figueira, Amador da Cunha Bueno, Carlos de Laet, etc. When the news of the"resignation reached Brazil, Counselor Andrade Figueira did not want to accept it. Isabel, whom they treated for Empress, did not even previously request the advice of the members of the Directory Monarchical. The former Prime Minister Alfredo Corrêa de Oliveira, while subserviently accepting the decisions and facts, reveals his sincere opinion:

A few years before his death Prince Pedro de Alcântara told a Brazilian newspaper:

But years later he had rectified his position:

"It is there that I intend to recover the rights of eventual succession to the throne of Brazil, with prejudice to d. Pedro Henrique, my nephew, denying my resignation in 1908. My resignation in 1908 is valid, although many monarchists [...] understood that, politically and by the Brazilian laws in force in 1889, it must be ratified by the should the monarchy be restored. In fact, in my family there will never be dissensions or disputes over imperial power."

Succession

Dom Pedro with his two sons, Princes Pedro Gastão and João Maria, Petrópolis, 1939.

Isabel died on 14 November 1921. After her death, her grandson Pedro Henrique, son of her late second son, Dom Luiz, assumed the position of claimant to the throne of Brazil, at age 12.[21] Prince Pedro de Alcântara recognized on a personal level the primacy of his nephew, Prince Pedro Henrique, and later, despite having contested the validity and hereditary effect of his own resignation, he stated that he did not contest the right of succession to the throne to the detriment of the Pedro Henrique. Nevertheless, as the Empress's eldest son, by virtue of his being the senior member of the House of Orléans-Braganza, his nephew's young age and the fact that he has returned to reside in the Brazil while his nephew remained in Europe until after his death, Pedro de Alcântara was seen as de facto Head of the Imperial Family of Brazil, having himself negotiated with the heads of other dynasties the marriages of his children, and even of his nephew.

After his death on 29 January 1940, his eldest son and heir, Prince Pedro Gastão, asserted his own claim to the throne of Brazil to the detriment of his cousin Pedro Henrique, being openly supported by his brothers-in-law, the pretenders to the thrones of Orléanist France and Miguelist Portugal, his father-in-law, the pretender to the throne of the Two Sicilies, Prince Ferdinando Pio, Duke of Castro and by Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Head of the Royal House of Spain, as well as by some Brazilian legal scholars who subsequently argued that his father's renunciation would, indeed, have been constitutionally invalid under the monarchy.[21] Although Pedro de Alcântara's daughter, Princess Isabelle, is said to have referred to Dom Pedro Gastão as "My brother, the Brazilian Emperor",[21] she acknowledged in her memoirs that their father nonetheless regarded his renunciation as binding, and treated it as effective.[22]

Return to Brazil

Dom Pedro and his father, the Count of Eu, during their first-time return to Brazil, in 1921.
Dom Pedro and two Carajás indians during an excursion to Mato Grosso, 1936.

On 3 September 1920 President Epitácio Pessoa revoked the banishment of the Imperial Family from Brazilian territory on a celebrated occasion. Immediately after the revocation of the ban, Dom Pedro de Alcântara returned to Brazil on the first occasion in 1921, accompanied by his father, the Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, for the transfer of the bodies of his grandparents, Emperor Dom Pedro II and Empress Dona Teresa Cristina. On that occasion, he and his father made a short trip to Minas Gerais, passing through the city of Petrópolis, where they still owned three palaces, in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, arriving at Juiz de Fora. They were also accompanied by many members of the nobility, republican officials, including the Vice President Bueno de Paiva and royalists.

On the second occasion, Prince Pedro returned to Brazil in 1922 to celebrate the centenary of independence accompanied by his father and, for the first time, by his wife and children to whom he would introduce Brazil. On board the ship Massila, shortly after anchoring in the Guanabara Bay, the Count of Eu died of natural causes at the age of 80. The Federal Government offered the former Brazilian consort a funeral with military honors, since the Cout of Eu had served as Field Marshal of the Imperial Army and was a veteran of the War of the Triple Alliance, being its last commander alive.

Excursions

Before settling definitively back in Brazil, throughout the 1920s, Prince Pedro de Alcântara made several trips to his native country to go on hunting excursions in the Brazilian backlands. Accompanied by his secretary, he made, between 1926 and 1927, one of the best-known trips of the time: the "auto-raid" from Bolivia to Rio de Janeiro, traveling four thousand kilometers by car on practically impassable roads. From this expedition there are reports published by Mario Baldi, the secretary of culture of Teresópolis, in Brazilian and European illustrated newspapers and magazines. Another expedition was made by the prince and his secretary, this time with the children of D. Pedro, in 1936. On this occasion the expeditionaries visited indigenous villages of the Brazilian backwoods. The magazine A Noite Illustrada published several reports and photographs of Mario Baldi, who did the documentation of the adventure again. Famously, the Prince visited the Xingu tribe who, 42 years later, would be visited by his grandson, Prince João Henrique, beginning a lasting relationship between tribesmen and the imperial family.

Definitive return and death

Dom Pedro's obituary, published on the Jornal do Brasil on 30 January 1940

At the end of the 1920s, after settling his life in Europe, Prince Pedro de Alcântara returned definitively to Brazil, settling in the city of Petrópolis, where he was born, in the Palace of the Grão-Pará, due to the fact that the Petrópolis Palace, his family's former summer residence, had been rented and was occupied by the Notre Dame de Sion and later by the São Vicente de Paula College. His children completed their secondary education in those schools.

Living in the old summer residence of his grandfather and mother's court, Dom Pedro became a mandatory figure in the local festivities, being much admired for the warm, friendly and simple way with which he behaved and treated his guests. compatriots. Like his maternal grandfather, Pedro was an admirer of technological inventions and a frequent visitor to the city's movie theaters, as well as a frequent guest on local radio stations. Due to his status and the geographical proximity between his palace and the Rio Negro Palace, the President of the Republic's summer residence in the city, he formed a productive relationship with Getúlio Vargas and was a great friend of his wife, the First Lady Darcy Vargas. In 1938, at the request of the government, Dom Pedro sold Petrópolis Palace and the Imperial Regalia of Brazil, including the Imperial Crown and the Imperial Scepter to the state, considering the need to obtain funds and the security issue of those objects, in order to inaugurate the Imperial Museum of Brazil in that palace.

In the early evening of January 29, 1940, after going to the cinema and returning to his palace and complaining of discomfort, the prince collapsed with cardiopulmonary arrest and died at the age of 64. His death was communicated to the President of the Republic who granted the deceased a Head of State funeral and sent the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Oswaldo Aranha, as his representative. The funeral ceremony took place at the Cathedral of Petrópolis with the presence of representatives of the government, the former nobility and society, from all states. His body was buried in the Imperial Crypt, along with his parents and grandparents, in a simple vault.

Titles and honors

Styles of
Dom Pedro de Alcântara
Reference styleHis Imperial and Royal Highness
Spoken styleYour Imperial and Royal Highness
Alternative styleSire

Titles and styles

The following are the titles as they were actively used by Dom Pedro throughout his life:

  • 15 October 1875 – 5 December 1891: His Imperial Highness The Prince of Grão-Pará[3]
  • 5 December 1891 – 30 October 1908: His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial of Brazil
  • 30 October 1908 – 26 April 1909: His Imperial Highness Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará
  • 26 April 1909 – 29 January 1940: His Imperial and Royal Highness Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará

However, according to the Petrópolis branch claim his resignation was not valid. Based on this assumption, his de jure titles were:

  • 15 October 1875 – 5 December 1891: His Imperial Highness The Prince of Grão-Pará[3]
  • 5 December 1891 – 26 April 1909: His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial of Brazil
  • 26 April 1909 – 14 November 1921: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Prince Imperial of Brazil
  • 14 November 1921 – 29 January 1940: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Prince of Brazil

Note: He renounced all his rights to the Imperial throne of Brazil for himself and his future descendants at Cannes, France, 30th October 1908, but was permitted to retain his former styles and titles for life. In addition, from 26 April 1909, as per the Family Pact, he and his siblings were granted the style of Royal Highness and the title of Prince of Orléans-Braganza.

Honors

Prince Pedro de Alcântara was a recipient of the following Brazilian dynastic orders:

He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:

Issue

Pedro and Elisabeth married on 14 November 1908 in Versailles, France, and had 5 children:

After his death his son Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza assumed the headship of the Petrópolis branch of the Imperial House of Brazil.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará
16. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
8. Louis Philippe I of France
17. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon
4. Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours
18. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
9. Princess Maria Amalia Naples and Sicily
19. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
2. Prince Gaston, Count of Eu
20. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
10. Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
21. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
5. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
22. Ferenc József, Prince Koháry de Csábrág
11. Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág
23. Countess Maria Antonia of Waldstein-Wartenberg
1. Prince Pedro de Alcântara
24. John VI of Portugal and Brazil
12. Pedro I of Brazil
25. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain
6. Pedro II of Brazil
26. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
13. Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria
27. Princess Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily
3. Isabel of Brazil
28. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (= 18)
14. Francis I of the Two Sicilies
29. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (= 19)
7. Princess Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
30. Charles IV of Spain
15. Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain
31. Princess Maria Luisa of Parma

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Carlos Humberto P. Corrêa (1984). O Governo Provisório da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil em Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Federal University of Santa Catarina. p. 59–65.
  2. ↑ Montjouvent, Philippe de (1998). Le comte de Paris et sa Descendance (in French). Charenton: Éditions du Chaney. p. 50. ISBN 2-913211-00-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Buyers, Christopher. "The Bragança Dynasty". Royal Ark. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Villon, Victor. "Elisabeth Dobrzensky "Empress of Brazil"". Royalty Digest Quarterly.
  5. ↑ The last goodbye of the Imperial Family: The Prince of Grão-Pará try to send a dove carrying a message "miss of Brazil" to the mainland but the bird fell in the sea, for his wings were cut off, and drowned DEL PRIORE, Mary: O Príncipe Maldito, 2007. p.206
  6. ↑ Barman 2002, pp. 210–212.
  7. ↑ Barman 2002, p. 218.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Barman 2002, p. 220.
  9. ↑ CARVALHO, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. Pg. 236
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Johann-Wenzel Count Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz Johann-Wenzel was head of the house of barons of Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz since 4 November 1877; was elevated to the title of count on 21 February 1906.Cf.: MONJOUVENT, Philippe de: Le Comte de Paris, Duc de France et ses ancêtres. Charenton: Éditions du Chaney,2000.p.22
  11. ↑ Elisabeth, previous baroness, was elevated to the title of countess along with her husband MONJOUVENT, Philippe de: Le Comte de Paris, Duc de France et ses ancêtres. Charenton: Éditions du Chaney,2000.p.22
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sainty, Guy Stair. "House of Bourbon: Branch of Orléans-Braganza". Chivalric Orders. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  13. ↑ <BARMAN, Roderick J., Princesa Isabel do Brasil: gênero e poder no século XIX, UNESP, 2005
  14. ↑ VIANNA, Hélio. Vultos do Império. São Paulo: Companhia Editoria Nacional, 1968, p.224
  15. ↑ FREYRE, Gilberto. Ordem e Progresso. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1959, p.517 and 591
  16. ↑ LYRA, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II - 1825-1891. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1940, vol.III, p.300
  17. ↑ Enciclopaedia Barsa, vol. IV, article "Braganza", p.210, 1992
  18. ↑ JANOTTI, Maria de Lourdes. Os Subversivos da República. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1986, p.255-7
  19. ↑ MALATIAN, Teresa Maria. A Ação Imperial Patrianovista Brasileira. São Paulo, 1978, p.153-9
  20. ↑ Montjouvent, Philippe de (1998). Le comte de Paris et sa Descendance (in French). Charenton: Éditions du Chaney. p. 97. ISBN 2-913211-00-3.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Bodstein, Astrid (2006). "The Imperial Family of Brazil". Royalty Digest Quarterly (3). Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  22. ↑ Tout m'est bonheur, tome 1 (Paris: R. Laffont, 1978), page 445 (French)

Sources

Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará
Cadet branch of the House of Orléans
Born: 15 October 1875 Died: 29 January 1940
Brazilian royalty
Preceded by Prince of Grão-Pará
15 October 1875 – 5 December 1891 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince Imperial of Brazil
5 December 1891 – 9 November 1908
(Final date disputed)
The validity of his
renunciation is disputed 		Succeeded by
Prince Luís de facto
Prince Pedro Gastão in 1921 de jure
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Emperor of Brazil
One of two pretenders to the Brazilian throne
14 February 1921 – 29 January 1940
Reason for succession failure:
Empire abolished in 1889 		Succeeded by
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